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Avram is a Senior Lecturer in History at ���ϲ�����. Much of his teaching and research reflects an interest in theoretical issues and the philosophy of history, as well as a concern with class, gender and ethnicity. Avram’s thesis has been published as: Working Class Credit and Community since 1918 (Palgrave, 2002). His second book, co-authored with Don MacRaild, Social Theory and Social History, reflected his ongoing interest in the relationship between history and theory. He has been working on the Jewish community in Glasgow for a number of years and has published extensively on this topic.